Parasitic nematodes [Elektronisk resurs] molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology / edited by M.W. Kennedy and W. Harnett.

• Contributors -- Preface -- Access to Colour Illustrations -- Part I Genetics and Phylogeny -- 1 Molecular Analysis of Nematode Evolution / Mark L. Blaxter -- Introduction -- The Molecular Revolution -- Molecular Markers -- The Structure of the Nematoda and the Origins of Parasitism -- Strongylid Evolution Revealed by Three Different Genes -- Resolution of Species Complexes by Molecular Phylogenetics -- The Evolution of Parasitic Phenotypes -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2 The Wolbachia Endosymbionts of Filarial Nematodes / Claudio Bandi, Timothy J.C. Anderson, Claudio Genchi and Mark L. Blaxter -- Introduction -- The Discovery and Rediscovery of Intracellular Symbiosis in Filarial Nematodes -- Background Information on Bacterial Symbiosis in Invertebrates -- Phylogenetic positionings of Wolbachia and other intracellular bacteria -- Wolbachia, vertical transmission, mutualistic symbiosis and reproductive parasitism -- Distribution of Wolbachia in arthropods -- Distribution of Wolbachia in Filarial Worms -- Phylogeny of Wolbachia in Filarial Worms -- Interphylum transmission -- Is Wolbachia monophyletic? -- Horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between nematodes -- Should Nematode Wolbachia Behave Differently from Arthropod Wolbachia? -- The Wolbachia–Filaria Relationship: an Obligate Mutualism? -- The Wolbachia Catalase -- Genomics and Proteomics -- Implications for the Pathogenesis of Filarial Diseases -- Implications for Treatment -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Forward Genetic Analysis of Plant-parasitic Nematode–Host Interactions / Charles H. Opperman -- Introduction -- Soybean Cyst Nematode Biology -- Genetic Analysis of Parasitism -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Identification of Parasitic Nematodes and Study of Genetic Variability Using PCR Approaches / Robin B. Gasser -- Introduction -- Technical Aspects and Choice of the DNA Target for PCR -- Template preparation -- PCR: precautions, optimization and errors -- Target region -- Approaches to the Identification of Nematode Species and Strains -- Amplification from specific DNA regions -- PCR-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis -- Arbitrarily primed PCR -- Analysis of mini- and microsatellites, and other repetitive elements -- DNA sequencing approaches -- Analysis of Genetic Variability by PCR-coupled Mutation Detection Methods -- Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) -- Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis -- SSCP protocol -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Diversity in Populations of Parasitic Nematodes and its Significance / Mark E. Viney -- Introduction -- A Developmental Choice for Strongyloides ratti -- Diversity in Developmental Route -- Artificial Selection for Developmental Route -- The Environment and Developmental Route -- Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Temperature -- The Molecular Basis of Variation in Sensitivity -- Developmental Route and Host Immunity -- Interaction of Host Immunity and Temperature on Developmental Route -- Phenotypic Diversity and Arrested Development -- Phenotypic Diversity and Immunology -- Summary So Far -- Parasite Modulation of Host Immune Responses -- Consequences of Laboratory Maintenance -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II Host Modulation and Manipulation – Making Themselves at Home -- 6 New Insights into the Intestinal Niche of Trichinella spiralis / Judith A. Appleton -- Introduction -- Excretory/Secretory and Surface Glycoproteins of T. spiralis L1 Larvae -- Tyvelose and Trichinella Glycoprotein Function -- Function of ES Products -- Protective Activity of Anti-Tyvelose IgG -- Mucus Trapping and Expulsion -- Invasion of Epithelia in vitro -- Tyvelose and Invasion -- Cell Wounding and Pore Formation -- Interference with the Epithelial Niche of T. spiralis by Anti-Tyv IgG in vitro -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Genetic Reprogramming of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Cells by Trichinella spiralis / Douglas P. Jasmer -- Introduction -- Genetic Reprogramming of the Host Muscle Cell -- Repositioning of the Host Cell in the Cell Cycle -- Repression of the Differentiated Skeletal Muscle Phenotype -- Acquisition of the Infected Cell Phenotype -- Parasite Regulation of the Infected Cell Phenotype -- General Consideration of Parasite Products -- Nuclear Antigens -- Other Possible T. spiralis Regulators of Host Muscle Cells -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 Plant-parasitic Nematodes / David McK. Bird and Alan F. Bird -- Introduction -- Root-knot and Cyst Nematodes -- The Impact of Plant-parasitic Nematodes -- Nematode Adaptations for Plant Parasitism -- Mouthparts -- Pharynx and Pharyngeal Glands -- Rectal Glands -- Developmental Changes -- Niches Occupied by Plant-parasitic Nematodes -- An Aerial Plant Parasite -- Root Parasites -- Feeding Sites of Sedentary Endoparasites -- Feeding Site Induction -- Induction of Giant Cells -- Genes Expressed in Feeding Cells -- Cell Cycle Regulation -- Evolution of Parasitism: an Ancient Symbiosis? -- Acquisition of Parasitism Genes by Horizontal Gene Transfer -- Clade IV Nematode–Bacterial Associations -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part III Specialist Products and Activities -- 9 The Nematode Cuticle: Synthesis, Modification and Mutants / Antony P. Page -- Nematode Cuticle: Structure -- Moulting -- Control of moulting -- The Cuticle Collagens -- Collagen Gene Expression -- C. elegans Cuticle Collagen-related Mutants -- Collagen Folding -- Catalysts of Collagen Folding, Co- and Post-Translational Modification -- Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase (PPI, cyclophilins/FKBPs) -- (EC 5.3.4.1) -- Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (PHY) (EC 1.14.11.2) -- Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) (EC 5.2.1.8) -- Lysyl hydroxylase (LHY) (EC 1.14.11.4) -- Non-collagenous Cuticle Structural Components: the Cuticulins -- Cuticle Collagen/Cuticulin Cross-linking Enzymes -- Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) and phenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1) -- Transglutaminases (TGA) (EC 2.3.2.13) -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Chitinases of Filarial Nematodes / Ralf Adam, Birgit Drabner and Richard Lucius -- Introduction -- The Role of Filarial Chitinases in Microfilariae -- The Role of Chitinases in the Infective Larva Stage -- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Filarial Chitinases -- Chitinase-like Proteins in Vertebrates -- Immunological Aspects of Filarial Chitinases -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Acetylcholinesterase Secretion by Nematodes / Murray E. Selkirk, Siân M. Henson, Wayne S. Russell and Ayman S. Hussein -- Introduction and Historical Perspective -- Cholinesterase Structure and Function -- Nematode Acetylcholinesterases -- Acetylcholinesterase Secretion by Parasitic Nematodes -- Forms and Properties of the Secreted Enzymes -- Putative Functions for Secreted Acetylcholinesterases -- Regulation of intestinal peristalsis or local spasm -- Regulation of intestinal transport processes -- Regulation of lymphoid/myeloid cell functions -- Hydrolysis of alternative substrates -- Binding to ingested AChE inhibitors -- Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in the Intestinal Tract -- Nematode Acetylcholinesterases as Drug Targets -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References. 
• 12 The Surface and Secreted Antigens of Toxocara canis: Genes, Protein Structure and Function / Rick M. Maizels and Alex Loukas -- Introduction -- Developmental Biology of Toxocara -- Immune Evasion -- Excreted/Secreted Glycoproteins (TES) -- Recombinant Excreted/Secreted Proteins -- TES-26, Tc-PEB-1, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein -- TES-32, Tc-CTL-1, C-type lectin-1 -- TES-45 and TES-55 -- TES-70, Tc-CTL-4, C-type lectin-4 -- TES-120, Tc-MUC-1, MUC-2 and MUC-3 mucins -- TES-400 -- Novel ES proteins? -- Secreted Enzymes -- Proteases -- Superoxide dismutases -- The Surface Coat -- The NC6/SXC Domain in T. canis -- Venom Allergen Homologues: Tc-CRISP (Tc-VAH-1) and Tc-VAH-2 -- Carbohydrate Moieties -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Nematode Gut Peptidases, Proteins and Vaccination / David P. Knox, Philip J. Skuce, George F. Newlands and Diane L. Redmond -- Introduction -- The Nematode Gut -- Proteins at the Microvillar Surface -- Contortin -- H11 -- GA1 antigens -- P150 -- H-gal-GP -- Cysteine proteases -- Gut Antigen-based Vaccination and Non-blood-feeders -- Glycosylation of Parasite Protein -- Integral Membrane Proteins and Membrane Anchors -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Metabolic Transitions and the Role of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex During Development of Ascaris suum / Richard Komuniecki and Patricia R. Komuniecki -- Introduction -- Anaerobic Mitochondrial Metabolism -- The Role of the PDC During Development -- PDC and Metabolic Transitions -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 15 Novel Carbohydrate Structures / Anne Dell, Stuart M. Haslam and Howard R. Morris -- Introduction -- Glycoproteins -- The biosynthesis of N-glycans -- The biosynthesis of O-glycans -- Glycolipids -- Toxocara Methylated O-glycans -- Novel Fucosylated N-glycan Core Structures in Haemonchus contortus -- Multi-antennary Lewisx N-glycans in Dictyocaulus viviparus -- Phosphorylcholine-substituted N-glycans of Filarial Nematodes -- The Tyvelose Immunodominant Epitope of Trichinella spiralis -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Structurally Novel Lipid-binding Proteins / Malcolm W. Kennedy -- Introduction -- The Importance of Lipid-binding Proteins -- The Different Types of Lipid-binding Protein -- The Polyproteins of Nematodes: NPAs -- NPA Biosynthesis and the Gene -- Structure of NPAs -- Functions of NPAs -- Polyfunctional Polyproteins? -- The LBP-20 Proteins -- The β-Barrel FABPs -- As-p18, the First Secreted Cytoplasmic Lipid-binding Protein -- Sticky Finger Interaction Sites? -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part IV Immunology and Immunomodulation -- 17 T Helper Cell Cytokine Responses During Intestinal Nematode Infection: Induction, Regulation and Effector Function / David Artis and Richard K. Grencis -- Introduction -- T Cell and Cytokine Regulation of Host Protective Immunity -- Resistance to Infection Requires a Type 2 Response -- Type 1 Cytokine Responses Promote Susceptibility -- Nematode Cytokines? -- Regulation of Th Responses During Nematode Infection -- Genetic control of Th responses -- Professional antigen-presenting cells -- Non-professional antigen-presenting cells -- Co-stimulatory molecules -- Nature of antigens -- Antigen dose and affinity -- Cytokine environment -- Generic pathogen recognition -- Chemokines -- Immune effector mechanisms -- Immune effectors: antibody -- Immune effectors: mast cells -- Immune effectors: eosinophils -- Immune effectors: cytokines and enterocytes -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 Gut Immunopathology in Helminth Infections – Paradigm Lost? / Catherine E. Lawrence, Malcolm W. Kennedy and Paul Garside -- Introduction -- Pathology of Nematode Infections -- Enteropathies of Other Aetiologies -- The Paradox -- Pathology and Nematode Expulsion -- Tumour Necrosis Factor Induces Pathology via iNOS -- Th2 Involvement in Pathological Responses in Other Helminth Infections -- Effector Cells in Induction of Enteropathy -- Pathophysiological Effects of Helminth-induced Cytokines -- Goblet Cells in Enteropathy -- Matrix Metalloproteases in Enteropathy -- Role of Microbial Flora in the Development of Enteropathy -- Parasite Advantage in Induction of Pathology -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 19 Immunomodulation by Filarial Nematode Phosphorylcholine-containing Glycoproteins / William Harnett and Margaret M. Harnett -- Introduction -- Finding a Role for PC on Secreted Filarial Nematode Glycoproteins -- Immunological Defects Associated with Human Filarial Nematode Infection: a Role for PC? -- Inhibition of Lymphocyte Proliferation by PC on ES-62 -- Mechanism of Action of ES-62/PC -- Effects of PC on Antibody and Cytokine Responses -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part V Neurobiology -- 20 Nematode Neuropeptides / Aaron G. Maule, Nikki J. Marks and David W. Halton -- Introduction -- Neuropeptide Localization -- Distribution of FMRFamide-related Peptides (FaRPs) in Nematodes -- FaRP distribution in Ascaris suum -- FaRP distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans -- FaRP distribution in other nematodes -- Distribution of Other Neuropeptides in Nematodes -- Neuropeptide Structure -- A. suum neuropeptides -- C. elegans neuropeptides -- Other nematode neuropeptides -- Neuropeptide Function -- The effects of known A. suum FaRPs -- The effects of other nematode FaRPs -- FaRP effects on C. elegans -- FaRP effects on H. contortus -- flp-Gene Expression and Processing -- Nematode Neuropeptide Receptors -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Neurobiology of Nematode Muscle: Ligand-gated Ion-channels and Anti-parasitic Drugs / Richard J. Martin, Alan P. Robertson, Momtchil A. Valkanov, Jenny Purcell and S. Lowden -- Introduction -- Ligand-gated Ion Channels -- The two-micropipette current-clamp technique for examining the massed responses of ion channels on Ascaris body muscle -- Muscle-vesicle for recording single-channel properties of levamisole receptors -- Oesophagostomum dentatum as a Model Nematode for Anthelmintic Resistance -- Receptor Heterogeneity -- Variation in conductance -- Variation in P-open -- Differences between Sensitive and Resistant Isolates -- Possible Explanations for Receptor Heterogeneity -- Multiple alleles -- Glutamate-gated Chloride Channels -- GABA-gated Chloride Channel Receptors -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index. 

• This book covers recent advances made in the genetics and biochemistry of nematodes, and the immunology of infections which have been made possible by new molecular genetic, biochemical and immunological tools. The topics covered include: molecular analysis of nematode evolution; Wolbachia endosymbionts of filarial nematodes; genetic analysis of plant-parasitic nematode-host interactions; identification of parasitic nematodes and study of genetic variability using PCR approaches; diversity in populations of parasitic nematodes and its significance; host modulation and manipulation; new insights into the intestinal niche of Trichinella spiralis; genetic reprogramming of mammalian skeletal muscle cells; plant-parasitic nematodes; synthesis, modification and mutants of the nematode cuticle; chitinases of filarial nematodes; acetylcholinesterase secretion by nematodes; genes, protein structure and function of the surface and secreted antigens of Toxocara canis; nematode gut peptidases, proteins and vaccination; metabolic transitions and the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during development of Ascaris suum; novel carbohydrate structures; structurally novel lipid-binding proteins; T-helper cell cytokine responses during intestinal nematode infection; gut immunopathology in helminth infections; immunomodulation by filarial nematode phosphorylcholine-containing glycoproteins; nematode neuropeptides; and neurobiology of nematode muscle. 

Ämnesord

Nematoda  (LCSH)

Parasites  (LCSH)

Indexterm och SAB-rubrik

Ugjgf Trådmaskar (Nematoda) och tagelmaskar (Nematomorpha)

Ugjgf Trådmaskar (Nematoda) och tagelmaskar (Nematomorpha)

Klassifikation

QL391.N5 (LCC)

592.57 (DDC)

Ugjgf/DR (kssb/7)

Ugjgf (kssb/7)