List of maps -- Preface -- Acknowledgements. Introduction : Diversity -- Water and windmills -- Convergence. 1 Roman rule, 57 BC to AD 455 : The Belgians are the bravest of them all, 57-13 BC -- Beyond the Rhine, 13 BC to AD 80 -- Romanization, AD 80-396 -- The end of Roman rule, 396-455. 2 From Pagans to crusaders, 456-1100 : Franks, Saxons and Frisians -- The age of saints, 500-800 -- The Empire of the West renewed, 800-1018 : The fury of Norsemen -- The arrows of the Hungarians -- The Ottonian system -- Feudalism -- The eleventh-century reform, 1018-1122 -- The First Crusade, 1095-1099. 3 The rise of princely rule, 1056-1231 : The county of Flanders -- East of the Scheldt -- Town and country -- The new monasticism, 1098-1147 -- The renaissance of the twelfth century -- The empire and the Low Countries, 1155-1256. 4 Princes and parliaments, 1231-1384 : Religious life in the thirteenth century : Mendicant friars -- Theology and philosophy -- Beguines -- Mysticism -- Jews -- War, marriage and murder, 1231-1305 : John the Victorious -- The murder of Floris V -- The Battle of the Golden Spurs -- Civic governance and culture around 1300 -- The dismal century, 1305-84 -- The beginnings of Burgundian rule. 5 The Low Countries united, 1384-1559 : The Burgundian century, 1384-1477 -- The arts of peace : Bruges the Fair -- Art and music, literature and learning -- The "new piety" -- From Burgundy to Habsburg, 1477-1515 -- The Renaissance -- World market: world empire -- The Reformation, 1517-59 : Lutherans -- Law reform -- Anabaptists -- Calvinsists -- The witch craze -- Tridentine reform. 6 The Low Countries divided, 1559-1648 : Iconoclasm to abjuration, 1566-81 : The revolt -- The Netherlands divided, 1579-1609 -- The multi-faith north : The Arminian controversy -- The Catholic south -- The Eighty Years War continued, 1621-48. 7 From delftware to porcelain, 1600-1780 : The republic as a world power -- Art and thought : Painting -- Views of the world -- Literature -- The first "Stadholderless" period, 1650-72 -- A happy few -- The return of the Stadholder, 1672-1702 -- The second "Stadholderless" period, 1702-47 -- The age of enlightenment, 1747-87. 8 The rise of the liberal order, 1780-1878 : Patriots and revolutionaries, 1782-99 -- Napoleon the lawgiver, 1800-1815 -- The United Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1815-30 : Coal, steam and steel -- The Belgian Revolution, 1830-39 -- The confessional divide, 1840-78. 9 Fin de siéce, 1878-1914 : Emancipatory movements : Trade unions and socialism -- Left liberalism -- An independent Luxembourg -- Agriculture -- Social Christianity -- Feminism -- Language rights -- A second Golden Age : Science and technology -- The press -- Literature -- Visual and applied arts -- The new colonialism -- The peace movement. 10 World wars and decolonization, 1914-60 : The Great War, 1914-18 -- The Crises of Peace, 1919-39 -- Popular culture -- Political extremes -- The Second World War, 1940-45 -- Occupation and collaboration -- Camps and deportations -- Resistance -- Liberation -- The aftermath of war, 1945-60 -- A new international order -- Decolonization. 11 The present time, 1960-2018 : Welfare and consumerism -- Belgium's "language question" -- Sexual revolution -- The twilight of the second millennium : Deconfessionalization -- new political alternatives -- Into the third millennium : By whom scandal comes -- Purple power -- Multiculturalism and integration -- The international order. Chronology of major events -- Select list of dynasties and rulers -- Select list of political parties and governments since 1918 -- Suggestions for further reading -- Index.
The contribution of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg to Europe's heritage has been immense. Their histories cannot be written in isolation from one another, or even from those of their neighbors. To examine the history of the Low Countries is to encounter the narrative of a region that, for centuries, has been at the crossroads of Western Europe. This introductory overview of the Low Countries' history traces their social, cultural and political development from Roman rule to the present day. Through the rise of the merchant classes, the Renaissance, the Golden Age, the era of revolutions, and two world wars, this fully updated third edition considers political developments since 2011, including an expanded final chapter with new material on terrorism; includes extended coverages of global history, with further detail on the European Union; and features an annotated bibliography as well as new and revised maps.